Man-Made Closed Ecological Systems

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Providing a broad historical perspective, this book explores the interactions between humans, microorganisms, and plants in a closed habitat, and the life suppo

Closed Ecological Systems

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What Is Closed Ecological Systems A closed ecological system is an ecosystem that provides for the maintenance of life through complete reutilization of availab

Towards a Thermodynamic Theory for Ecological Systems

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The book presents a consistent and complete ecosystem theory based on thermodynamic concepts. The first chapters are devoted to an interpretation of the first a

Closed Ecology

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Open Ecosystems

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Explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of 'open ecosystems' which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands.