Cranial Morphology, Variation, and Integration in Homo Sapiens

Released on by Whitney B Reiner
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  • Cranial Morphology, Variation, and Integration in Homo Sapiens Book Detail

  • Author : Whitney B Reiner
  • Release Date : 2017
  • Publisher :
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  • Pages : 167
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  • File Size : 86,86 MB
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Cranial Morphology, Variation, and Integration in Homo Sapiens by Whitney B Reiner PDF Summary

Book Description: Abstract Cranial Morphology, Variation, and Integration in Homo sapiens by Whitney Brooke Reiner, Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Leslea Hlusko, Chair Herein I present three separate manuscripts pertaining to cranial morphology, variation, and integration in humans. The first manuscript introduces a newly recovered partial calvaria, OH 83, from the upper Ndutu Beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. I present the geological context of its discovery, a comparative analysis of its morphology, and place OH 83 within the context of our current understanding of the origins and evolution of Homo sapiens. The morphology of OH 83 was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative data from penecontemporaneous fossils and the W.W. Howells modern human craniometric dataset. OH 83 is geologically dated to ca. 60-32 ka. Its morphology is indicative of an early modern human, falling at the low end of the range of variation for post-orbital cranial breadth, the high end of the range for bifrontal breadth, and near average in frontal length. There have been numerous attempts to use cranial anatomy to define the species Homo sapiens and identify it in the fossil record. These efforts have not met wide agreement by the scientific community due, in part, to the mosaic patterns of cranial variation represented by the fossils. The variable, mosaic pattern of trait expression in the crania of Middle and Late Pleistocene fossils implies that morphological modernity did not occur at once. However, OH 83 demonstrates that by ca. 60-32 ka modern humans in Africa included individuals that are at the fairly small and gracile range of modern human variation. In the second manuscript I provide craniometric data from Early Period (ca. 5000 B.P.) hunter-gatherers from the Sacramento Valley and the San Francisco Bay Area that represent some of the earliest indigenous Californians. I compare these data to the published worldwide human craniometric data set to provide perspectives on the range of human variation and the inter-relatedness of that variation. I collected 76 cranial measurements and five indices from 59 adult crania collected using a three-dimensional (3D) digitizer (MicroScribe G2, Immersion Corporation), following published protocols associated with the comparative data set. I conducted two sets of analyses exploring the range of variation, and calculating correlations. My analyses reveal that the Early Period Native Californians extends the known range of variation for 20 measurements. For six of the measurements, the smaller end of the range is extended, while the higher end of the range is extended for 14 measurements. For Native Americans, the Early Period Native Californians extend the range for 53 measurements, four of which are extended at both ends of the range. Correlation matrices for these data suggest the face is an integrated region of the cranium across modern humans, but specific patterns of correlation within and between regions of the cranium varied across populations. The early Native Californian crania exhibited the strongest overall correlations, differing significantly from the other samples (Mantel test, p

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