The First Modern Jew

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Pioneering biblical critic, theorist of democracy, and legendary conflater of God and nature, Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was excommunicated b

The First Modern Jew

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Pioneering biblical critic, theorist of democracy, and legendary conflater of God and nature, Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was excommunicated b

The Origins of the Modern Jew

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An excellent overview of the intellectual history of important figures in German Jewry. Until the 18th century Jews lived in Christian Europe, spiritually and o

Russia's First Modern Jews

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A chronicle of the Jewish community in the region they called medinat rusiya, "the land of Russia," a region severed from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and

Betraying Spinoza

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Part of the Jewish Encounter series In 1656, Amsterdam’s Jewish community excommunicated Baruch Spinoza, and, at the age of twenty–three, he became the most